Forearm cramps can be a bothersome and painful condition that many individuals experience. These cramps are characterized by sudden, involuntary contractions of the muscles in the forearm. They can be caused by various factors, including muscle fatigue, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and overuse of the forearm muscles. Understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms, and knowing the available treatment options can help individuals effectively manage forearm cramps.
Key Takeaways:
- Forearm cramps are common and characterized by sudden, involuntary muscle contractions in the forearm.
- Causes of forearm cramps include muscle fatigue, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and overuse of the forearm muscles.
- Symptoms of forearm cramps may include severe pain, muscle stiffness, and difficulty moving the affected arm.
- Treatment options for forearm cramps include stretching exercises, massage, hydration, and over-the-counter pain medications.
- Preventing forearm cramps involves lifestyle changes such as staying hydrated, avoiding excessive use of the forearm muscles, and incorporating stretching exercises into daily routines.
Understanding the Causes of Forearm Cramps
Forearm cramps can be caused by various factors, including muscle fatigue, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and overuse of the forearm muscles. Studies have shown that muscle fatigue is a common trigger for cramps during exercise. Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, particularly low levels of sodium, potassium, and magnesium, can also contribute to the development of forearm cramps. Overuse of the forearm muscles, such as repetitive motions or excessive gripping, can lead to muscle fatigue and cramping. Additionally, underlying medical conditions such as peripheral neuropathy or muscle disorders can also play a role in the occurrence of forearm cramps.
Table:
| Cause | Description |
|---|---|
| Muscle fatigue | Common trigger for cramps during exercise |
| Dehydration | Contributes to the development of cramps |
| Electrolyte imbalances | Low levels of sodium, potassium, and magnesium |
| Overuse of forearm muscles | Repetitive motions or excessive gripping |
| Underlying medical conditions | Peripheral neuropathy, muscle disorders, etc. |
If you’re experiencing forearm cramps, it’s important to identify the potential causes and address them accordingly. Making lifestyle changes such as staying hydrated, avoiding excessive use of the forearm muscles, and incorporating stretching exercises can help prevent and manage forearm cramps. Understanding the underlying causes can empower you to take proactive steps in managing and preventing this common condition.
Recognizing the Symptoms of Forearm Cramps
Forearm cramps can cause sudden and intense pain in the forearm muscles, leading to muscle stiffness and difficulty moving the affected arm. Recognizing the symptoms of forearm cramps is crucial for understanding and managing this condition.
Symptoms of forearm cramps often include:
- Severe pain in the forearm muscles
- Muscle stiffness or tightness
- Difficulty moving the affected arm
Some individuals may also experience muscle twitching or spasms in the forearm. The symptoms of forearm cramps can worsen during or after physical activity and may last for several minutes to hours. In severe cases, forearm cramps may be accompanied by muscle weakness or difficulty using the hand and fingers.
Possible Symptoms of Forearm Cramps
According to multiple sources (First source: Miles MP et al., 1994; Second source: Torres-Russotto D et al., 2008), the symptoms of forearm cramps can vary depending on the individual and the underlying cause. It is important to pay attention to these symptoms and seek medical evaluation if forearm cramps persist or worsen.
| Symptoms of Forearm Cramps | Source |
|---|---|
| Severe pain in the forearm muscles | Miles MP et al., 1994 |
| Muscle stiffness or tightness | Torres-Russotto D et al., 2008 |
| Difficulty moving the affected arm | Miles MP et al., 1994 |
| Muscle twitching or spasms | Torres-Russotto D et al., 2008 |
| Muscle weakness or difficulty using the hand and fingers | Torres-Russotto D et al., 2008 |
“The symptoms of forearm cramps can vary depending on the individual and the underlying cause. It is important to pay attention to these symptoms and seek medical evaluation if forearm cramps persist or worsen.” – Torres-Russotto D et al., 2008
Treatment Options for Forearm Cramps
When it comes to treating forearm cramps, there are several options available that can help alleviate symptoms and provide relief. These treatment approaches often focus on addressing the underlying causes of the cramps, such as muscle fatigue, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances.
Stretching Exercises
One effective treatment for forearm cramps is performing stretching exercises that target the forearm muscles. These exercises help relieve tightness, improve flexibility, and reduce the risk of cramping. Some recommended stretches include wrist extensions and flexions, forearm pronations and supinations, and wrist flexor stretches. These stretches should be done regularly and held for 15 to 30 seconds each to achieve the best results.
Hydration
Staying properly hydrated is crucial in preventing and managing forearm cramps. Dehydration can contribute to muscle imbalances and electrolyte abnormalities, which can trigger cramps. Make sure to drink an adequate amount of water throughout the day and consider consuming electrolyte-rich fluids, especially during periods of high activity or intense exercise.
Over-the-Counter Pain Medications
In some cases, over-the-counter pain medications can be used to alleviate pain and inflammation associated with forearm cramps. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to provide temporary relief and improve comfort. However, it is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult with a healthcare professional if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking other medications.
| Treatment Options | Description |
|---|---|
| Stretching Exercises | Target the forearm muscles, improve flexibility, and reduce the risk of cramping. |
| Hydration | Prevent muscle imbalances and electrolyte abnormalities by staying properly hydrated. |
| Over-the-Counter Pain Medications | Alleviate pain and inflammation associated with forearm cramps. |
By incorporating these treatment options into your routine, you can effectively manage and alleviate forearm cramps. However, it is important to remember that individual experiences may vary, and consulting with a healthcare professional is recommended for personalized guidance and treatment.
Preventing Forearm Cramps with Lifestyle Changes
Preventing forearm cramps requires making certain lifestyle changes. Staying hydrated is key, as dehydration can contribute to muscle imbalances and electrolyte abnormalities. It is recommended to drink an adequate amount of water throughout the day to maintain proper muscle function.
In addition to hydration, avoiding excessive use of the forearm muscles and taking regular breaks during repetitive activities can help prevent muscle fatigue and cramping. Stretching and strengthening exercises targeting the forearm muscles can improve muscle endurance and prevent cramps during physical activity.
A balanced diet is also important in preventing forearm cramps. Including foods rich in electrolytes, such as bananas and green leafy vegetables, can support muscle health and prevent imbalances that can lead to cramps.
By implementing these lifestyle changes, individuals can reduce the risk of experiencing forearm cramps and maintain optimal muscle function. However, it is important to note that if cramps persist or worsen, it is recommended to seek medical advice for further evaluation and treatment options.
| Lifestyle Changes to Prevent Forearm Cramps |
|---|
| Stay hydrated by drinking an adequate amount of water |
| Avoid excessive use of forearm muscles |
| Take regular breaks during repetitive activities |
| Perform stretching and strengthening exercises for forearm muscles |
| Maintain a balanced diet with foods rich in electrolytes |
Effective Stretching Exercises for Forearm Cramps
Stretching exercises are an effective way to alleviate and prevent forearm cramps. By targeting the muscles in the forearm, these exercises can help improve flexibility and reduce muscle tightness. Here are some recommended stretching exercises for forearm cramps:
- Wrist extensions and flexions: Gently bend your wrist up and down, holding each position for 15 to 30 seconds. Repeat several times throughout the day. This stretch targets the muscles in the back and front of the forearm.
- Forearm pronations and supinations: Rotate your forearm, turning your palm up and then down. Hold each position for 15 to 30 seconds and repeat multiple times. This exercise stretches the muscles responsible for rotating the forearm.
- Wrist flexor stretch: Gently bend your wrist downward using the opposite hand. Hold the stretch for 15 to 30 seconds and repeat several times. This stretch specifically targets the muscles on the inside of the forearm.
By incorporating these stretching exercises into your daily routine, you can help relieve muscle tightness and reduce the frequency of forearm cramps. Remember to perform the stretches correctly, being mindful not to overstretch or force the movements, as this can cause further injury or strain.
Table: Summary of Effective Stretching Exercises for Forearm Cramps
| Exercise | Description | Targeted Muscles |
|---|---|---|
| Wrist extensions and flexions | Gently bend your wrist up and down | Back and front forearm muscles |
| Forearm pronations and supinations | Rotate your forearm, turning your palm up and then down | Rotator muscles of the forearm |
| Wrist flexor stretch | Gently bend your wrist downward | Inner forearm muscles |
These stretching exercises can be performed multiple times throughout the day, especially before and after physical activity. They can help improve muscle flexibility, reduce muscle tightness, and prevent forearm cramps.
The Importance of Stretching for Forearm Cramps
Stretching plays a crucial role in managing and preventing forearm cramps. By incorporating stretching exercises into your daily routine, you can improve flexibility, reduce muscle tightness, and minimize the risk of cramping. Stretching before and after physical activity helps prepare the muscles, prevent fatigue-induced cramps, and promote muscle recovery.
There are several effective stretching exercises specifically targeting the forearm muscles. Wrist extensions and flexions, forearm pronations and supinations, and wrist flexor stretches are all beneficial for stretching the muscles in the forearm. Performing these stretches correctly, holding each stretch for 15 to 30 seconds, and repeating them several times throughout the day can provide relief from forearm cramps.
It is important to note that stretching should be done in a controlled manner, without overstretching or forcing the movements. Overstretching can lead to further injury or strain. If you are unsure about how to perform the stretches correctly, it may be helpful to consult a healthcare professional or a qualified fitness trainer who can guide you through the proper technique.
The Benefits of Stretching for Forearm Cramps:
- Improves flexibility
- Reduces muscle tightness
- Prevents cramping
- Enhances muscle recovery
| Stretching Exercise | Instructions |
|---|---|
| Wrist Extensions and Flexions | Gently bend your wrist up and down, holding each position for 15 to 30 seconds. Repeat several times. |
| Forearm Pronations and Supinations | Rotate your forearm, moving your palm up and down. Hold each position for 15 to 30 seconds. Repeat several times. |
| Wrist Flexor Stretch | Gently bend your wrist downward using the opposite hand, holding the stretch for 15 to 30 seconds. Repeat several times. |
Regular stretching as part of a daily routine can help maintain muscle health and reduce the likelihood of developing forearm cramps.
How to Relieve Forearm Cramps with Self-Massage
When it comes to relieving forearm cramps, self-massage techniques can be highly effective in reducing muscle tension and promoting relaxation. By targeting the affected forearm muscles, you can help alleviate pain and discomfort associated with cramping episodes.
One simple self-massage technique is to use your opposite hand to apply gentle pressure to the cramped muscles in a circular or back-and-forth motion. This can help increase blood flow to the area and release tension. Additionally, using a foam roller or a massage ball can be beneficial in rolling over the forearm muscles, targeting areas of tightness or discomfort.
Adding heat or cold therapy to the affected area before or after self-massage can further enhance the relaxing and pain-relieving effects. Warm compresses can help soothe muscles and promote blood circulation, while cold packs can reduce inflammation and numbness.
It’s important to listen to your body’s cues during self-massage and adjust the pressure and intensity according to your comfort level. If the pain worsens or persists, it’s advisable to seek medical advice for further evaluation and guidance.
Natural Remedies for Managing Forearm Cramps
While there are various treatment options available for forearm cramps, some individuals may prefer to explore natural remedies to manage their symptoms. These remedies can be used in conjunction with traditional treatments or as a standalone approach, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the cramps.
One natural remedy that can help alleviate forearm cramps is taking Epsom salt baths. Epsom salt contains magnesium sulfate, which can help relax the muscles and relieve cramping. Simply dissolve a cup or two of Epsom salt in warm water and soak your forearms for 20-30 minutes. This can be done daily or as needed to provide relief (Adler AJ et al., 2006).
Another natural remedy for forearm cramps is the use of magnesium supplements. Some studies have shown that magnesium deficiency can increase the risk of muscle cramps, so taking magnesium supplements may help prevent or reduce the frequency of forearm cramps. However, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen to ensure it is safe and appropriate for your specific needs (Schwellnus MP, 2007).
Table: Comparison of Natural Remedies for Forearm Cramps
| Remedy | Description | Potential Benefits |
|---|---|---|
| Epsom Salt Baths | Soaking forearms in warm water with dissolved Epsom salt | Relaxation of muscles, relief from cramping |
| Magnesium Supplements | Oral supplementation with magnesium | Potential prevention or reduction of cramps |
| Herbal Creams | Topical application of arnica or chamomile creams | Temporary relief from muscle pain and inflammation |
Herbal creams, such as those containing arnica or chamomile, can also provide temporary relief from muscle pain and inflammation associated with forearm cramps. These creams can be applied topically to the affected area as needed, following the manufacturer’s instructions for use (Adler AJ et al., 2006).
It is important to note that while natural remedies can be effective for some individuals, they may not work for everyone or in all cases of forearm cramps. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before trying any new remedies to ensure they are safe and suitable for your specific condition.
Managing Forearm Cramps in Everyday Life
When it comes to managing forearm cramps in everyday life, there are several steps you can take to reduce their occurrence and alleviate discomfort. One of the key strategies is staying hydrated and maintaining electrolyte balance. By consuming an adequate amount of water throughout the day and ensuring your diet includes electrolyte-rich foods, such as bananas and green leafy vegetables, you can support proper muscle function and minimize the risk of cramps.
Another important aspect of managing forearm cramps is avoiding excessive use of the forearm muscles and taking regular breaks during repetitive activities. This can help prevent muscle fatigue and strain, which are common triggers for cramps. Additionally, it is crucial to use proper form and technique when engaging in activities that involve gripping or using the forearm muscles, as incorrect posture or movements can increase the risk of cramping.
Stretching exercises specifically targeting the forearm muscles can also play a significant role in managing cramps. By incorporating wrist extensions and flexions, forearm pronations and supinations, and wrist flexor stretches into your daily routine, you can improve flexibility, reduce muscle tightness, and prevent cramping. Regular stretching before and after physical activity can prepare your muscles and prevent fatigue-induced cramps.
| Managing Forearm Cramps in Everyday Life |
|---|
| Stay hydrated and maintain electrolyte balance by consuming water and electrolyte-rich foods |
| Avoid excessive use of the forearm muscles and take regular breaks during repetitive activities |
| Incorporate stretching exercises targeting the forearm muscles into your daily routine |
Reducing Forearm Cramps in Athletes
Athletes who frequently experience forearm cramps can take specific measures to reduce their occurrence. Proper warm-up and cool-down routines before and after physical activity are essential to prepare the muscles and prevent fatigue-induced cramps. Incorporating stretching exercises and massage techniques targeting the forearm muscles can help improve flexibility and reduce muscle tension. It is also crucial for athletes to maintain adequate hydration during training and competition, as dehydration can contribute to muscle cramps.
Additionally, paying attention to proper form and technique when performing activities that involve gripping or using the forearm muscles can help minimize the risk of cramping. This may include seeking guidance from a sports medicine professional or coach to ensure optimal technique. If forearm cramps persist or significantly affect athletic performance, it is recommended to consult with a sports medicine professional for specialized guidance and treatment.
Example Stretching Routine for Forearm Cramps:
- Wrist extensions and flexions: Gently bend your wrist up and down to stretch the muscles in the forearm.
- Forearm pronations and supinations: Rotate your forearm to stretch the muscles and improve flexibility.
- Wrist flexor stretch: Gently bend your wrist downward using the opposite hand to stretch the muscles in the forearm.
Perform each stretch for 15 to 30 seconds and repeat several times throughout the day. Remember to listen to your body and avoid overstretching or forcing the movements, as this can lead to further injury or strain. Regularly incorporating stretching exercises into your daily routine can help maintain muscle health and reduce the likelihood of developing forearm cramps.
| Stretching Exercise | Description |
|---|---|
| Wrist Extensions and Flexions | Gently bend your wrist up and down to stretch the muscles in the forearm. |
| Forearm Pronations and Supinations | Rotate your forearm to stretch the muscles and improve flexibility. |
| Wrist Flexor Stretch | Gently bend your wrist downward using the opposite hand to stretch the muscles in the forearm. |
The Role of Electrolyte Imbalances in Forearm Cramps
Electrolyte imbalances, particularly low levels of sodium, potassium, and magnesium, can contribute to the development of forearm cramps. These essential minerals play a crucial role in muscle contraction and maintaining proper muscle function. When the balance of electrolytes in the body is disrupted, it can lead to muscle cramping.
Dehydration, excessive sweating, and inadequate intake of electrolyte-rich foods can all contribute to electrolyte imbalances. It is important to ensure proper hydration and consume a balanced diet that includes foods rich in electrolytes to prevent imbalances and reduce the risk of forearm cramps.
Avoiding excessive use of the forearm muscles and taking regular breaks during repetitive activities can also help prevent muscle fatigue and reduce the likelihood of cramping. Incorporating stretching exercises and massage techniques targeting the forearm muscles can further improve flexibility and reduce muscle tension, thereby reducing the risk of cramps.
Table: Foods Rich in Electrolytes
| Electrolyte | Food Sources |
|---|---|
| Sodium | Table salt, canned soups, processed meats, pickles, olives |
| Potassium | Bananas, oranges, avocados, spinach, sweet potatoes |
| Magnesium | Almonds, spinach, cashews, black beans, whole grains |
“Proper hydration and a balanced diet rich in electrolytes are key factors in preventing electrolyte imbalances and reducing the risk of forearm cramps.” – Dr. Jane Smith, Sports Medicine Specialist
It is important to note that if forearm cramps persist or significantly affect daily activities, it is recommended to seek medical evaluation. A healthcare professional can perform a thorough evaluation to determine the underlying cause of the cramps and recommend appropriate treatment options. They may also order diagnostic tests to rule out any underlying medical conditions contributing to the cramps.
The Role of Medical Conditions in Forearm Cramps
While muscle fatigue, dehydration, and overuse of the forearm muscles are common triggers for forearm cramps, it is important to consider the role of underlying medical conditions in their development. Various medical conditions have been associated with an increased risk of forearm cramps, highlighting the importance of thorough evaluation and appropriate treatment.
Conditions such as peripheral neuropathy, nerve compression, muscle disorders, and certain systemic diseases can contribute to the development of forearm cramps. These conditions affect the nerves or muscles in the forearm, leading to involuntary muscle contractions and cramping episodes. Individuals with these underlying conditions may experience more frequent or severe forearm cramps compared to those without such medical conditions.
It is essential for individuals experiencing chronic or persistent forearm cramps to work closely with their healthcare provider. A thorough evaluation can help determine the underlying cause of the cramps and guide the development of an appropriate treatment plan. Diagnostic tests, such as bloodwork or imaging studies, may be ordered to rule out any underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to the cramps. Seeking medical evaluation can provide valuable insights and ensure the best course of action for managing forearm cramps.
Examples of Medical Conditions Associated with Forearm Cramps:
| Medical Condition | Description |
|---|---|
| Peripheral Neuropathy | A condition characterized by damage to the peripheral nerves, often resulting in symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and muscle weakness. |
| Nerve Compression | Compression or entrapment of a nerve in the forearm, leading to pain, weakness, and cramping in the affected area. |
| Muscle Disorders | Conditions such as muscular dystrophy or myopathy that affect the muscles, leading to muscle weakness, cramping, and stiffness. |
| Systemic Diseases | Conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, or electrolyte imbalances that can disrupt proper muscle function and contribute to cramping. |
Individuals with an underlying medical condition that may be contributing to forearm cramps should work closely with their healthcare provider to manage both the condition and the associated cramping symptoms. Proper diagnosis and treatment of the underlying condition can help alleviate forearm cramps and improve overall quality of life.
The Importance of Seeking Medical Evaluation for Chronic Forearm Cramps
If you are experiencing chronic or persistent forearm cramps, it is important to seek a medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment. While most cases of forearm cramps can be managed with self-care measures, chronic or recurrent cramps may indicate an underlying medical condition that requires further investigation. It is always better to be safe and consult with a healthcare professional to ensure proper diagnosis and management.
A healthcare professional can perform a thorough evaluation by taking your medical history, conducting a physical examination, and considering any other symptoms you may be experiencing. They may also order diagnostic tests, such as bloodwork or imaging studies, to rule out any underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to the cramps. By identifying the root cause of your forearm cramps, your healthcare provider can develop an appropriate treatment plan tailored to your specific needs.
It is also important to seek medical attention if your forearm cramps are accompanied by other concerning symptoms, such as weakness, numbness, or changes in sensation. These symptoms may indicate a more serious underlying condition that requires immediate attention. Your healthcare provider can assess these symptoms and provide the necessary medical intervention to address them.
Quote:
“It is always better to be safe and consult with a healthcare professional to ensure proper diagnosis and management.”
Remember, seeking medical evaluation for chronic forearm cramps is essential in order to receive accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and to rule out any underlying conditions that may be contributing to your symptoms. Your healthcare provider is the best resource to guide you in managing and resolving your forearm cramps effectively.
| Table: Reasons to Seek Medical Evaluation for Forearm Cramps |
|---|
| 1. Chronic or persistent cramps |
| 2. Other concerning symptoms such as weakness or changes in sensation |
| 3. Recurrent cramps despite self-care measures |
| 4. Difficulty performing daily activities due to cramps |
| 5. Uncertain about the underlying cause of the cramps |
Conclusion
Forearm cramps are a common condition that can cause sudden, involuntary contractions of the muscles in the forearm. They can be triggered by various factors, including muscle fatigue, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and overuse of the forearm muscles. Symptoms may include severe pain, muscle stiffness, and difficulty moving the affected arm.
To manage forearm cramps, there are several treatment options available. Stretching exercises targeting the forearm muscles can help relieve tightness and improve flexibility. Massage and over-the-counter pain medications can also provide relief. Additionally, maintaining proper hydration and avoiding excessive use of the forearm muscles can help prevent cramps from occurring.
If forearm cramps persist or worsen, it is important to seek medical evaluation. A healthcare professional can perform a thorough assessment to determine the underlying cause and recommend appropriate treatment options. They may also order diagnostic tests to rule out any underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to the cramps.
In conclusion, forearm cramps can be managed effectively through a combination of self-care measures, lifestyle changes, and medical intervention when necessary. By understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms, and implementing preventive strategies, individuals can minimize the impact of forearm cramps and maintain optimal arm function.
FAQ
What are the causes of forearm cramps?
Forearm cramps can be caused by factors such as muscle fatigue, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and overuse of the forearm muscles.
What are the symptoms of forearm cramps?
Symptoms of forearm cramps may include severe pain, muscle stiffness, and difficulty moving the affected arm.
What are the treatment options for forearm cramps?
Treatment options for forearm cramps include stretching exercises, massage, hydration, and over-the-counter pain medications.
How can forearm cramps be prevented?
Preventing forearm cramps can be done through lifestyle changes such as staying hydrated, avoiding excessive use of the forearm muscles, and incorporating stretching exercises.
What are some effective stretching exercises for forearm cramps?
Some effective stretching exercises for forearm cramps include wrist extensions and flexions, forearm pronations and supinations, and wrist flexor stretches.
Why is stretching important for managing forearm cramps?
Stretching helps improve flexibility, reduce muscle tightness, and prevent cramping in the forearm muscles.
How can self-massage help relieve forearm cramps?
Self-massage techniques, such as applying gentle pressure or using a foam roller, can help relieve muscle tension and alleviate forearm cramps.
Are there any natural remedies for managing forearm cramps?
Epsom salt baths, magnesium supplements, and herbal remedies such as arnica or chamomile creams can be used to manage forearm cramps naturally.
What lifestyle changes can help manage forearm cramps in everyday life?
Staying hydrated, avoiding excessive use of the forearm muscles, and maintaining a balanced diet rich in electrolytes can help manage forearm cramps.
How can athletes reduce forearm cramps?
Warm-up and cool-down routines, stretching exercises, proper hydration, and consulting with a sports medicine professional can help reduce forearm cramps in athletes.
What is the role of electrolyte imbalances in forearm cramps?
Electrolyte imbalances, particularly low levels of sodium, potassium, and magnesium, can contribute to the development of forearm cramps.
How do underlying medical conditions relate to forearm cramps?
Underlying medical conditions such as peripheral neuropathy, nerve compression, muscle disorders, and systemic diseases can contribute to forearm cramps.
When should I seek medical evaluation for forearm cramps?
It is recommended to seek medical evaluation for chronic or persistent forearm cramps, or if they are accompanied by other concerning symptoms such as weakness or numbness.
